Military takeovers are nothing new in Guinea-Bissau. The West African country has experienced at least nine attempted and successful coups since gaining independence from Portugal in 1974.

But when military officers announced they had seized control of the country last Wednesday, some analysts and political figures were sceptical.

All the typical ingredients for a coup were there: gunfire was heard near the presidential palace, the President – Umaro Sissoco Embaló – was arrested and soldiers gave an address on state television.

Still, other circumstances of the incident have been called into question, with Senegalese Prime Minister Ousmane Sonko and former Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan joining a chorus of voices who believe the takeover was masterminded by Embaló.

And to complicate matters further, the military insisted to the BBC that it had taken over the country, but condemned the use of the word “coup”.

The junta leaders said they were acting to thwart a plot by unnamed politicians who had “the support of a well-known drug baron” to destabilise the country, which has become known as a drug-trafficking hub.

Just three days before the military takeover, Bissau-Guineans voted in a presidential election. Embaló, 53, was running for a second term and his closest challenger was Fernando Dias da Costa.

Dias had been backed by former Prime Minister Domingos Pereira, who was initially supposed to run for president on behalf of the main opposition party, PAIGC. However, Pereira had been disqualified from the contest after the authorities said he filed his papers late.

The election results were supposed to have been released on Thursday, the day after the coup took place.

After gunfire was heard in capital, Bissau, Embaló told French news site Jeune Afrique that he had been arrested by men in uniform in the presidential palace.

Military officers then appeared on state television, announcing they had deposed the president in order to thwart a plot to destabilise the country. The military suspended the electoral process and blocked the release of the poll results.

In a brief phone call, Embaló told France 24: “I have been deposed.”

Others were also detained, including Pereira, Interior Minister Botché Candé and army chief Gen Biague Na N’tan.

The headquarters of the electoral commission came under attack and an official has since revealed that armed men wearing balaclavas destroyed paperwork and the main computer server that stored the results – meaning the election results cannot be published.

The opposition, civil society organisations and politicians from fellow West African nations have cast doubt on the military’s announcement.

Embaló flew to neighbouring Senegal on a Senegalese military flight after being released from custody on Thursday – a detail that PAIGC official Flávio Baticã Ferreira finds suspicious.

“The way he left Guinea-Bissau, escorted like a tourist with his family and luggage, without any obstacle or resistance… all of this shows that it was not a coup, because we all know how a coup works,” Ferreira, who was formerly a member of parliament, told the BBC.

In the series of coups that have occurred in Africa over the last five years, no deposed leaders have been allowed to leave the country as quickly as Embaló did.

However, a couple of analysts told the BBC that Guinea-Bissau’s military may have felt that letting Embaló fly out as soon as possible would make for a smooth transition.

Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria’s former president, also questioned the coup, saying a head of state would not normally be allowed to talk to foreign media on the phone during a military takeover.

“What happened in Guinea-Bissau was not a coup… for want of a better word, I would say it was a ceremonial coup,” the ex-president, who was part of a team observing the elections in Guinea-Bissau, told reporters.

Jonathan is right, deposed leaders are not usually known to make contact with the outside world while under arrest. But there are exceptions – Gabon’s former president filmed a video urging his “friends all over the world” for support after being ousted in 2023.

The appointment of Gen Horta N’Tam as Guinea-Bissau’s new military leader has also raised suspicions, as the general was considered to be a close ally of Embaló’s.

Embaló has not responded to allegations that he orchestrated the coup.

Critics have long-accused Embaló of fabricating coup attempts in order to crack down on dissent – charges the former leader denies.

He said he has survived three attempted takeovers overall. In December 2023, after one such coup plot, Embaló dissolved the opposition-dominated parliament. Since then, Guinea-Bissau has not had a sitting legislature.

Some civil society organisations have accused Embaló of orchestrating last week’s coup in order to prevent any unfavourable election results from being published.

Political analyst Ryan Cummings said the president’s previous actions – such as postponing the elections for a year – had fuelled such suspicions. However, it is also “highly plausible” that the armed forces acted independently to prevent a political stalemate, as both Embaló and Dias were claiming they had won this election, Mr Cummings told the BBC.

Beverly Ochieng, West Africa analyst at the intelligence firm Control Risks, also acknowledged the scepticism surrounding the coup.

However, she said that tensions within the political elite, combined with the decision to ban Pereira from the presidential race, “likely contributed to a military intervention”.

Gen N’Tam, formerly the army’s chief of staff, has been sworn in as president and is due to stay in power for a transition period of one year.

The general has appointed a new cabinet, comprising 23 ministers and five secretaries of state.

Embaló, on the other hand, has left Senegal for Congo-Brazzaville. According to sources in Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, he departed as he was upset that Senegal’s prime minister had called the coup a “sham”.

Dias, who said he evaded arrest on the day of the coup, has been granted asylum by Nigeria.

On Saturday, hundreds of protesters took to the streets, demanding that Pereira be released. They also called on the authorities to publish the election results.

Additionally, three civil society groups have called for a general strike and a civil disobedience campaign in order to restore “electoral truth”.

But reactions have been mixed, with some residents praising the army and hoping for an orderly transition.

“I am not against the military regime as long as they improve the living conditions in the country,” Suncar Gassama told the BBC.

Ex-MP Ferreira described the atmosphere in the country as “tense”.

“Nobody knows what the future of Guinea-Bissau holds,” he said.

Additional reporting by Ines Silva